合 ORA-01578和ORA-26040--NOLOGGING操作引起的坏块-错误解释和解决方案(文档ID 1623284.1)

ORA-01578和ORA-26040--NOLOGGING操作引起的坏块-错误解释和解决方案(文档ID 1623284.1)

1. NOLOGGING操作引起的坏块（ORA-01578和ORA-26040）简介

如果只是错误ORA-01578，而没有伴随ORA-26040，那么这个坏块是由其它的原因引起的坏块，可以尝试使用RMAN的BMR（Block Media Recovery）修复。

如果数据段（表段、索引段）被定义为NOLOGGING属性，那么当NOLOGGING加APPEND、UNRECOVERABLE操作修改该数据段或者使用数据泵（DATAPUMP）impdp参数DISABLE_ARCHIVE_LOGGING:Y时，联机重做日志只会记录很少的日志信息。如果这些联机重做日志或归档日志被用来恢复数据文件，那么Oracle会将对应的数据块标志为无效（Soft Corrupt），而且下一次访问这些数据块时，会报ORA-01578和ORA-26040错误。

例如：

SQL> select * from test_nologging;

ORA-01578: ORACLE data block corrupted (file # 11, block # 84)

ORA-01110: data file 4: '/oradata/users.dbf'

ORA-26040: Data block was loaded using the NOLOGGING option

数据字典视图DBA_TABLES、DBA_INDEXES、DBA_LOBS、DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS、DBA_LOB_PARTITIONS、DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS中的LOGGING列记录了NOLOGGING属性。若LOGGING='NO'则表示NOLOGGING。

数据泵DATAPUMP的impdp参数DISABLE_ARCHIVE_LOGGING:Y在执行导入时会禁止LOGGING定义，而产生NOLOGGING操作。如果相应的datafile被restored和recovered，那么接下来的涉及到目标表的查询会报错ORA-1578和ORA-26040。如果数据库是FORCE LOGGING模式，那么DISABLE_ARCHIVE_LOGGING选项不会关闭LOGGING。

impdp使用参数“DISABLE_ARCHIVE_LOGGING:Y”的一个例子:

impdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=dp transform=disable_archive_logging:y

NOLOGGING导致的坏块不会导致RMAN备份失败。一般来说soft corrupt block不会导致RMAN备份失败，不需要设置MAXCORRUPT。数据库备份中就会含有soft corrupt block，如果使用这些备份恢复数据，那么恢复的数据也含有soft corrupt block。

除ORA-26040错误之外，当还有一些其他通用信息出现时，block dump可能会被产生。如果数据块的block dump内有byte 0xff信息或者属于某个段，ORA-1578和ORA-26040会因为介质恢复了NOLOGGING的部分导致了corruption而出现。

1. 利用RMAN、DBV检测NOLOGGING导致的坏块

DBV在检测坏块时，如果RDBMS版本小于10.2.0.4，那么DBV打印错误DBV-200，如果RDBMS版本大于或等于10.2.0.4，那么DBV打印错误DBV-201：

DBV-00200: Block, dba 46137428, already marked corrupted

DBV-00201: Block, DBA 46137428, marked corrupt for invalid redo application

RMAN的VALIDATE命令可以用来检测NOLOGGING数据块，检查结果记录在视图V$DATABASE_BLOCK_CORRUPTION（小于12c的版本）和V$NONLOGGED_BLOCK（12c及其以上）。

下面的例子中检查出DATAFILE 4有933坏块，查询V$DATABASE_BLOCK_CORRUPTION或者V$NONLOGGED_BLOCK。

RMAN> VALIDATE DATABASE;

...

.....

File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN

---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------

4 OK 933 1 6401 2275124

File Name: /oracle/dbs/users.dbf

RMAN在检测坏块时，如果RDBMS版本小于10.2.0.5和11.1.0.7，RMAN打印如下错误：

10.2.0.4 and lower, 11.1.0.6, 11.1.0.7:

RMAN validate reports it in v$database_block_corruption with CORRUPTION_TYPE=LOGICAL

如果RDBMS版本大于或等于10.2.0.5和11.2.0.1，RMAN报告，查看视图v$database_block_corruption中CORRUPTION_TYPE=NOLOGGING的记录。

10.2.0.5 and 11.2.0.1+:

RMAN validate reports it in v$database_block_corruption with CORRUPTION_TYPE=NOLOGGING

在12c及以后版本中，RMAN validate的结果不在视图v$database_block_corruption中，而是在视图v$nonlogged_block。从12.2 版本开始，可以使用新的命令：“validate .. nonlogged block”去验证nologging的block。

在以下的例子中，数据文件5和6有nologged的block：

RMAN> validate database nonlogged block;

Starting validate at ...

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=133 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting validation of datafile

channel ORA_DISK_1: validation complete, elapsed time: 00:00:35

List of Datafiles

=================

File Status Nonlogged Blocks Blocks Examined Blocks Skipped

---- ------ ---------------- --------------- --------------

1 OK 0 106363 0

2 OK 0 78919 0

3 OK 0 96639 0

4 OK 0 4991 0

5 OK 400 2559 0

6 OK 569 2559 0

Details of nonlogged blocks can be queried from v$nonlogged_block view

在告警日志中会更新以下信息：

Started Nonlogged Block Replacement recovery(validate) on file 5 (ospid 26351 rcvid 10616970560844821494)

Finished Nonlogged Block Replacement recovery(validate) on file 5. 400 blocks found

Started Nonlogged Block Replacement recovery(validate) on file 6 (ospid 26351 rcvid 10616970560844821494)

Finished Nonlogged Block Replacement recovery(validate) on file 6. 569 blocks found

1. 监控NOLOGGING操作

若执行了NOLOGGING操作，并且之后在没有备份的情况下，RMAN命令“REPORT UNRECOVERABLE”可以查询出被影响的datafile。

RMAN> report unrecoverable;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog

Report of files that need backup due to unrecoverable operations

File Type of Backup Required Name

---- ----------------------- -----------------------------------

4 full or incremental /oracle/dbs/users.dbf

当初始化参数db_unrecoverable_scn_tracking设置为true（默认值，该参数在10g中是不可用的），那么V$DATAFILE中以下列会被更新；

SYS@lhr121> select UNRECOVERABLE_CHANGE# ,

2 UNRECOVERABLE_TIME ,

3 FIRST_NONLOGGED_SCN ,

4 FIRST_NONLOGGED_TIME from v$datafile where file#=6;

UNRECOVERABLE_CHANGE# UNRECOVERABLE_TIME FIRST_NONLOGGED_SCN FIRST_NONLOGGED_TIM

--------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------

2878238 2018-04-10 10:53:47 2878238 2018-04-10 10:53:47

在11.2.0.4 或12.1.0.2+版本中，设置event 16490的情况下，物理备库的MRP进程会检查出NOLOGGING变化，并记录在alert log。

ORA-16490 "logging invalidated blocks on standby due to invalidation redo"

"INVD_BLKS: Invalidating (file \<file number>, bno \<block number>)"

"fname: 'Datafile name'. rdba: ..."

1. 识别数据块什么时候被标志为NOLOGGING

识别数据块什么时候被标志为NOLOGGING，可以将trace文件中数据块SCN或者v$database_block_coruption视图中CORRUPTION_CHANGE#值转换为时间：

1. 使用trace文件中数据块SCN，例如：

Start dump data blocks tsn: 60 file#: 4 minblk 84 maxblk 84

buffer tsn: 3 rdba: 0x02c00054 (11/84)

scn: 0x0771.4fa24eb5 seq: 0xff flg: 0x04 tail: 0x4eb500ff

提取SCN值0x0771.4fa24eb5,删除'.'，然后转换0x07714fa24eb到十进制511453045995。

1. 使用v$database_block_coruption视图中CORRUPTION_CHANGE#值

如果运行RMAN validate命令后，v$database_block_coruption视图中corruption_type='NOLOGGING' (10.2.0.5 和 11.2.0.1+)，那么CORRUPTION_CHANGE#列的值就是十进制的SCN值。可以使用下面的方法获得SCN Timestamp时间：

select scn_to_timestamp(&&decimal_scn) from dual;

如果运行RMAN validate:

select file#, block#, scn_to_timestamp(CORRUPTION_CHANGE#)

from v$database_block_corruption

where CORRUPTION_TYPE='NOLOGGING';

在12c中：

select file#, block#, scn_to_timestamp(NONLOGGED_START_CHANGE#) from v$nonlogged_block;

如果查询gv$archived_log 或 gv$log_history遇到错误ORA-08181:

alter session set nls_date_format = 'DD-MON-YY HH24:MI:SS';

select first_time, next_time

from gv$archived_log

where \&decimal_scn between first_change# and next_change#;

或

select first_time

from gv$log_history

where \&decimal_scn between first_change# and next_change#;

如果运行RMAN validate:

alter session set nls_date_format = 'DD-MON-YY HH24:MI:SS';

select file#, block#, first_time, next_time

from v$archived_log, v$database_block_corruption

where CORRUPTION_CHANGE# between first_change# and next_change#

and CORRUPTION_TYPE='NOLOGGING';

或

select file#,block#,first_time

from v$log_history, v$database_block_corruption

where CORRUPTION_CHANGE# between first_change# and next_change#

and CORRUPTION_TYPE='NOLOGGING';

12c:

alter session set nls_date_format = 'DD-MON-YY HH24:MI:SS';

select file#, block#, first_time, next_time

from v$nonlogged_block, v$archived_log

where NONLOGGED_START_CHANGE# between first_change# and next_change#;

或

select file#, block#, first_time

from v$nonlogged_block, v$log_history

where NONLOGGED_START_CHANGE# between first_change# and next_change#;

1. SYSAUX表空间、AWR、EM等出现NOARCHIVELOG和NOLOGGING问题

如果数据库版本是11.1.0.6 或 11.1.0.7 或 11.2.0.1，对NOLOGGING对象执行过DIRECT PATH操作，并且后续执行了RECOVER DATABASE命令，即使数据库FORCE LOGGING是打开的情况下，会出现ORA-1578和ORA-26040错误。这种问题经常发生在SYSAUX表空间中的AWR或EM对象。请参考Note 1071869.1。注意数据库当前版本可能已经大于11.1 或者 11.2.0.1但是问题可能是在升级之前产生的。这个约束在11.2.0.2以上版本中取消，这个问题在10g不会发生。

RDBMS版本变化：

1. 解决方法

NOLOGGING操作引起的坏块是不能修复的，比如“Media Recovery”或“RMAN blockrecover”都无法修复这种坏块。可行的方法是在NOLOGGING操作之后立刻备份对应的数据文件。

如果错误是执行RMAN DUPLICATE 或 RESTORE之后产生的，那么在源库打开FORCE LOGGING，然后再重新运行RMAN DUPLICATE 或 RESTORE。

alter database force logging;

如果错误出现在物理STANDBY数据库，那么可以从主库恢复被影响的数据文件（只有当主库没有这个问题的情况下）。参考文档Doc ID 958181.1。在Oracle 12c中可以使用RMAN选项RECOVER NONLOGGED BLOCK with DATAFILE、TABLESPACE、DATABASE。例如：

RMAN> RECOVER DATABASE NONLOGGED BLOCK;

为了避免这个问题发生，在主库强制生产日志：

alter database force logging;

如果同一个datafile的数据块在主库出现nologging坏块，但是备库没有，可以通过手动跳过(dbms_repair)坏块或者设置event 10231。主库出现nologging坏块可能是由于主库执行过备份恢复或者之前是备库，执行了switchover。

如果NOLOGGING数据块位于空闲数据块（dba_free_space视图可以查询到），那么DBVerify检查会发现这个问题，报错DBV-00201或者在v$database_block_corruption视图中显示。对于这种情况，可以等待到这个数据块被重用时会自动格式化或者手动强制格式化。

如果是索引，那么可以重新创建（drop/create）索引。如果是表，那么可以使用存储过程DBMS_REPAIR.SKIP_CORRUPT_BLOCKS跳过坏块，然后考虑是否重建表。

在删除有坏块的段之后，这个坏块就处于空闲状态，后续可以被分配给其他对象或段，当这个坏块被分配给其它对象或段时，这个数据块被重新格式化。如果v$database_block_corruption视图中还是显示为坏块，那么可以手动运行rman validate来清除视图中的信息。

如果是LOB，那么请参考Note 293515.1。

说明：

有关数据块的恢复的内容可以参考我的BLOG：http://blog.itpub.net/26736162/viewspace-2139709/

有关NOLOGGING引起的坏块的内容可以参考我的BLOG：http://blog.itpub.net/26736162/viewspace-2152783/

实验一：DISABLE_ARCHIVE_LOGGING:Y

RMAN> list backupset of datafile 6;

List of Backup Sets

===================

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------

12 Full 352.78M DISK 00:03:21 2018-04-09 14:50:59

BP Key: 12 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20180409T144738

Piece Name: /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/backupset/2018_04_09/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20180409T144738fdp34bfm.bkp

List of Datafiles in backup set 12

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name

---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----

6 Full 2865977 2018-04-09 14:47:38 /u04/oradata/lhr121/users01.dbf

[oracle@rhel6lhr env_oracle]$ impdp scott/tiger dumpfile=log.dmp tables=T_LOG TRANSFORM=DISABLE_ARCHIVE_LOGGING:Y remap_schema=LHR:SCOTT

Import: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Tue Apr 10 10:53:17 2018

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options

ORA-39002: invalid operation

ORA-39166: Object SCOTT.T_LOG was not found or could not be exported or imported.

[oracle@rhel6lhr env_oracle]$ impdp lhr/lhr dumpfile=log.dmp tables=T_LOG TRANSFORM=DISABLE_ARCHIVE_LOGGING:Y remap_schema=LHR:SCOTT

Import: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Tue Apr 10 10:53:40 2018

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options

Master table "LHR"."SYS_IMPORT_TABLE_02" successfully loaded/unloaded

Starting "LHR"."SYS_IMPORT_TABLE_02": lhr/******** dumpfile=log.dmp tables=T_LOG TRANSFORM=DISABLE_ARCHIVE_LOGGING:Y remap_schema=LHR:SCOTT

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA

. . imported "SCOTT"."T_LOG" 34.24 KB 9 rows

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/MARKER

Job "LHR"."SYS_IMPORT_TABLE_02" successfully completed at Tue Apr 10 10:54:14 2018 elapsed 0 00:00:32

[oracle@rhel6lhr env_oracle]$ rm -rf /u04/oradata/lhr121/users01.dbf

[oracle@rhel6lhr env_oracle]$ rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Tue Apr 10 10:55:09 2018

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

connected to target database: LHR121 (DBID=3221842516)

RMAN> restore datafile 6;

Starting restore at 2018-04-10 10:55:17

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=29 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to /u04/oradata/lhr121/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/backupset/2018_04_09/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20180409T144738fdp34bfm.bkp

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-03002: failure of restore command at 04/10/2018 10:55:20

ORA-19870: error while restoring backup piece /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/backupset/2018_04_09/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20180409T144738fdp34bfm.bkp

ORA-19573: cannot obtain exclusive enqueue for datafile 6

RMAN> startup force mount

Oracle instance started

database mounted

Total System Global Area 658505728 bytes

Fixed Size 2927864 bytes

Variable Size 285213448 bytes

Database Buffers 364904448 bytes

Redo Buffers 5459968 bytes

RMAN> restore datafile 6;

Starting restore at 2018-04-10 10:57:02

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=12 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to /u04/oradata/lhr121/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/backupset/2018_04_09/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20180409T144738fdp34bfm.bkp

channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/backupset/2018_04_09/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20180409T144738fdp34bfm.bkp tag=TAG20180409T144738

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03

Finished restore at 2018-04-10 10:57:06

RMAN> recover datafile 6;

Starting recover at 2018-04-10 10:57:13

using channel ORA_DISK_1

starting media recovery

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 39 is already on disk as file /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_09/o1_mf_1_39fdp3bvmm.arc

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 40 is already on disk as file /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_09/o1_mf_1_40fdp3bvoz.arc

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 41 is already on disk as file /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_09/o1_mf_1_41fdp7bhhl.arc

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 42 is already on disk as file /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_09/o1_mf_1_42fdp7ccfv.arc

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 43 is already on disk as file /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_10/o1_mf_1_43fdr7xxg4.arc

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 44 is already on disk as file /u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_10/o1_mf_1_44fdr7yc13.arc

archived log file name=/u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_09/o1_mf_1_39fdp3bvmm.arc thread=1 sequence=39

archived log file name=/u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_09/o1_mf_1_40fdp3bvoz.arc thread=1 sequence=40

archived log file name=/u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_09/o1_mf_1_41fdp7bhhl.arc thread=1 sequence=41

archived log file name=/u04/flash_recovery_area/LHR121/archivelog/2018_04_09/o1_mf_1_42fdp7ccfv.arc thread=1 sequence=42

media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished recover at 2018-04-10 10:57:15

RMAN> alter database open;

Statement processed

RMAN>

SYS@lhr121> select * from v$nonlogged_block;

FILE# BLOCK# BLOCKS NONLOGGED_START_CHANGE# NONLOGGED_START_TIM NONLOGGED_END_CHANGE# NONLOGGED_END_TIME RESETLOGS_CHANGE# RESETLOGS_TIME OBJECT# REASON CON_ID

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------------- ------------------- --------------------- ------------------- ----------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ----------

6 1939 1 2878238 2878238 UNKNOWN 0

SYS@lhr121> select file#, block#, scn_to_timestamp(NONLOGGED_START_CHANGE#)

2 from v$nonlogged_block;

FILE# BLOCK# SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(NONLOGGED_START_CHANGE#)

---------- ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 1939 10-APR-18 10.52.44.000000000 AM

SYS@lhr121> SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,

2 SEGMENT_TYPE,

3 OWNER,

4 SEGMENT_NAME,

5 PARTITION_NAME

6 FROM DBA_EXTENTS

7 WHERE FILE_ID = 6

8 AND 1939 BETWEEN BLOCK_ID AND BLOCK_ID + BLOCKS - 1

9 ;

TABLESPACE_NAME SEGMENT_TYPE OWNER SEGMENT_NAME PARTITION_NAME

------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ----------------- -----------------

USERS TABLE SCOTT T_LOG

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